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To investigate the active compounds from on the heart and brain of mice at simulated high altitude.Fifty healthy male adult BALB/c mice were randomly divided into normal control group, hypoxic model group, acetazolamide group, petroleum ether extract of (PESI) group and octacosan group with 10 mice in each group. Acetazolamide group, PESI group and octacosan group were treated with acetazolamide PESI (200 mg/kg) or octacosan by single tail vein injection, respectively. Except normal control group, the mice were exposed to a simulated high altitude of for in an animal decompression chamber. After the mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation, the heart and brain were histologically observed by HE staining; superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, total anti-oxidant capacity (T-AOC) and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in plasma, heart and brain tissues were detected by WST-1 method, ABTS method and TBA method, respectively; lactic acid and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in plasma, heart and brain tissues were detected by colorimetric method and microwell plate method, respectively; ATP content and ATPase activity in heart and brain tissues were detected by colorimetric method. PESI and octacosane significantly attenuated the pathological damages of heart and brain tissue at simulated high altitude; increased SOD activity, T-AOC and LDH activity, and decreased the contents of MDA and lactic acid in plasma, heart and brain tissues; increased the content of ATP in heart and brain tissues; increased the activities of Na-K ATPase, Mg ATPase, Ca ATPase and Ca-Mg ATPase in myocardial tissue; and increased the activities of Mg ATPase, Ca-Mg ATPase in brain tissue. PESI and octacosan exert anti-hypoxic activity by improving the antioxidant capacity, reducing the free radical levels, promoting the anaerobic fermentation, and alleviating the energy deficiency and metabolic disorders caused by hypoxia in mice.
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Animals , Male , Mice , Altitude , Brain/metabolism , Heart , Malondialdehyde , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Superoxide Dismutase/metabolismABSTRACT
Objective@#To analyze the genotypes, amino acid vatiations and molecular epidemiological characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in pediatric patients in Gansu province for the future research.@*Methods@#A total of 4 556 respiratory tract specimens were colleted from pediatric patients under 10 years of age in five cities in Gansu from 2012 to 2017. These specimens were tested for RSV and its subtypes.The coding region of the RSV G gene was amplified using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequenced for RSV positive specimens. Sequences were edited using DNA Star software. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic trees were built by MEGA 6.0 software.@*Results@#Out of 4 556 specimens, 1 135 (24.91%) were positive for RSV, totally 216 G protein sequences were obtained. RSV A isolates were clustered into three genotypes: NA1、NA3 and ON1. The nucleotides and amino-acid homology was 84.9%-100% and 77.3%-100%, respectively. The nucleotides and amino-acid homology between this study and prototype long strain was 81.2%-83.3% and 74.1%-88.0%. RSV B isolates were clustered into only BA9 one genotypes. The nucleotides and amino-acid homology was 97.7%-100% and 95.8%-100%, respectively. The nucleotides and amino-acid homology between this study and prototype CH18537 strain was 84.9%-85.7% and 77.9%-80.1%.@*Conclusions@#The genetic characteristics and the amino-acid changes were analyzed systematically using data of RSV G gene collected from 2012 to 2017 in Gansu province in this study. These data were used for analyses of the etiology, control and prevention of RSV infection.
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OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for the content determination of peoniflorin in Danggui shaoyao powder,and provide a reference for controlling the quality of the preparation. METHODS:HPLC was performed on the column of Symmetry C18 with mobile phase of acetonitrile-water(containing 0.1% phosphoric acid)(14∶86,V/V)at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min,detection wavelength was 230 nm,column temperature was 20℃,and injection volume was 20μl. RESULTS:The linear range of peoniflo-rin was 10-80 μg/ml(r=0.999 3);RSDs of precision,stability and reproducibility tests were lower than 2%;recovery was 98.3%-104.9%(RSD=2.0%,n=9). CONCLUSIONS:The method is simple,accurate and specific,and can be used for the con-tent determination of peoniflorin in Danggui shaoyao powder.
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Objective To observe the effect of mifepristone (MIF) on the level of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH),adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH),corticosterone (CORT),insulin (INS) and aldosterone (ALD) in plasma and expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mRNA in hippocampus in type 2 diabetic rats and to discuss the effect and mechanism by which mifepristone improves hyperglycemia. Methods Type 2 diabetes mellitus model was induced by high-fat diet plus intragastric administration of low dose streptozotocin (30 mg·kg-1 ). Rats were randomly divided into normal control group,model control group,positive control (MET) (metformin hydrochloride 200 mg·kg-1 ·d-1 ) group,mifepristone low dose (MIF-L) (10 mg·kg-1 ·d-1 ),medium dose (MIF-M) (25 mg·kg-1 ·d-1 ) and high dose (MIF-H) (50 mg·kg-1 ·d-1 ) groups. The normal control group and model control group were given distilled water. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) was measured once a week. The rats were decapitated after five weeks. Organ index, corticotropin release hormone ( CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH),corticosterone(CORT),insulin(INS) and aldosterone(ALD) levels were measured. The expression of GR mRNA in hippocampus was measured by using real-time PCR. Results Compared with the normal control group, body weight was decreased significantly (P0. 05). Relative expression of GR mRNA was significantly increased in MIF-L,MIF-M and MIF-H groups (all P <0. 01). Conclusion Hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic rats can be improved by MIF. The possible mechanism may be related to regulating the HPA axis through inhibiting GR.
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Aim To investigate HPA axis change relation with glucose and lipid metabolism.Methods Wistar rats were injected intraperitoneally with STZ (30 mg·kg~(-1)) after fed with high lipid food for two months, then rats with blood glucose of over 15 mmol·L~(-1) were used in the experiment. Animals were divided into four groups: normal group, diabetic model group, treatment group (ROS 200 mg·kg~(-1) ·d~(-1) ig), and metformin group (200 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1) ig).Rats were decapitated after they had been administered ig for four weeks and were 24 hour urine collected.Plasma CRH, ACTH, corticosterone, hypothalamic CRH, ACTH of pituitary gland, 24 hour urinary corticosterone and plasma insulin were determined by ELISA and radio immunity kit respectively.Results In diabetic rat model induced by high lipid food and STZ, plasma and urinary glucose level and plasma TC, TG levels were increased, plasma HDL-C and hepatic glycogen content were reduced, which was synchronized with changes of higher pituitary ACTH, plasma and total 24 hour urine corticosterone excretion.Conclusion The disorder of glucose and lipid metabolism of model induced by high lipid food and low dose STZ may be linked to the change of HPA axis.The improvement of ROS on glucose and lipid metabolism in diabetic rats may be linked to the decrease of HPA axis activity.
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OBJECTIVE: To review the pathogenesis of diabetes under the guidance of the theories of neuroendocrine immunomodulation(NIM) network combined with the understanding of diabetes in traditional Chinese medicine.DATA SOURCES: Computer was used to search for the articles published from January 1980 to January 2005, with key words of "diabetes mellitus,pathogenesis, neuroendocrine immunomodulation, and traditional Chinese medicine " and the language of the papers was limited to "English". Also,computer and manual search for the articles in NLW and CNKI data banks from January 1990 to January 2005 were made with the language of the papers being limited to "Chinese" and key words of "diabetes, pathogenesis,neuroendocrine immunomodulation, traditional Chinese medicine" . Manual search was made for book chapters on the treatment of diabetes by traditional Chinese medicine and papers on the relation of diabetes with neuroendocrine immunoregulation network published after 1980.STUDY SELECTION: A rough check was made firstly to the materials to choose the articles on diabetes and the relationship with neuroendocrine immunoregulation network. Inclusion criteria: ① randomized clinical trial (RCT), single-, double- or non-blinded methods were used; ②non-randomized controlled trial; ③ anterior-posterior controlled trial. Exclusion criteria: repeated studies were excluded.DATA EXTRACTION: Thirty-three articles on pathogenesis of diabetes were obtained and among them 21 were consistent with the above criteria and 12 were excluded for repetition of the same studies.DATA SYNTHESIS: Twenty-one articles on the relation of the pathogenesis of diabetes with neuroendocrine immunoregulation and with the traditional Chinese medicine were analyzed to investigate the internal relations of the three.CONCLUSION: Diabetes mellitus is induced by the interaction between genetic and environmental factors, and the imbalance among insulin, counterregulatory hormones and other factors such as hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, thymus gland in neuroendocrine immunomodulation (NIM) network. The authors propose that the NIM network theory might be as a bridge to link modern medicine and the traditional Chinese medicine that is helpful to understand the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus.CONCLUSION: Diabetes mellitus is induced by the interaction between genetic and environmental factors, and the imbalance among insulin, counterregulatory hormones and other factors such as hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, thymus gland in neuroendocrine immunomodulation (NIM) network. The authors propose that the NIM network theory might be as a bridge to link modern medicine and the traditional Chinese medicine that is helpful to understand the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus.
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Aim To establish an in vitro insulin resistant model of HepG2 cells and 3T3-L1 adipocyte and to screen drug in vitro.Methods The insulin resistant models of HepG2 and 3T3-L1 adipocyte were induced by high concentration of insulin and by dexamethasone,respectively.The glucose consumption ofcells was detected after administration with different drugs. Results In the concentration of 10-6 mol?L-1 insulin for 36 hours,HepG2 cells were resistant to insulin and the insulin resistance was maintained for 48 hours without change of cell morphology.After 3T3-L1 adipocyte insulin resistance was induced by dexamethasone,the maximal difference of glucose consumption between the blank control and insulin resistant model group was observed at 96h after dexamethasone administration,but the insulin resistant status had only been maintained for 24 hours without dexamethasone.The glucose consumptions of insulin resistant model of HepG2 and 3T3-L1 adipocyte were promoted by some drugs such as stachyose,berberine and ginsenoside.Conclusions The insulin resistant model of HepG2 cell and 3T3-L1 adipocyte was successfully established in vitro by high concentration of insulin and by dexamethasone,respectively.It can be used to screen drugs for treatment of insulin resistance.
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OBJECTIVE:To work out the quality control standard of Penqiangyan tablets.METHODS:The major herbs in the preparation were identified by TLC.The contents of total ferulic acid in Radix Angelia Sinensis and Rhizoma Chuanxiong were determined by HPLC.RESULTS:Ferulic acid had a good linearity in the range of1.244～124.4?g/ml(r=0.9984).The recovery and RSD were97.06%and1.44%(n=6)respectively.CONCLUSION:The method is simple and feasible and had a good repeatability.It can be used for the quality control of Penqiangyan tablets.
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Objective:To investigate the effects of Resina Draconis on the levels of plasma glucose,insulin and lipids in normal and diabetic rats. Methods: Hyperglycemia rat models were induced by glucose or adrenaline and rat models with diabetes mellitus were induced by alloxan.The levels of plasma glucose, insulin and lipids (triglyceride, total cholesterol and HDL-C) were determined. Results: Resina Draconis had no obvious effects in decreasing the plasma sugar level in normal fasted rats but could decrease the plasma sugar level and improve the glucose-resistance in glucose-induced or adrenaline-induced hyperglycemic rats and alloxan-induced fasted diabetic rats and increase insulin secretion in both normal and diabetic rats. It could also decrease the plasma lipid level in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Conclusion: Resina Draconise exerts a good therapeutic effect on hyperglycemia in diabetic rats and its mechanism may be related to the increase of the secretion of insulin.
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Objective To study the effect of Tibet medicine of Herba Lamiophlomis rotata on promoting hemostasis and blood coagulation and to explore its mechanism. Methods High dose(2 g/kg),middle dose(1 g/kg) and low dose (0.5 g/kg) of the aqueous extract from Herba Lamiophlomis rotata(HLRE)were given to mice by gastric gavage for 3 days,and then bleeding time (BT),clotting time(CT) and platelet count(PLC)were determined. Different doses of HLRE(3,1.5,0.75 g/kg)were administered by gastric gavage to rats for 14 days,and then blood samples were collected from common carotid artery for the determination of prothrombin time (PT),activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT),thrombin time(TT),fibrinogen(FIB),hepatic function and blood lipid indexes. Results Compared to the blank control group,the bleeding time and clotting time were obviously shortened in 2g/kg HLRE and 1g/kg HLRE groups and positive control group,but the difference of PLC was insignificant. PT and APTT values in all of the treatment groups did not differ from those in the blank control group. However, TT values were obviously shortened in 3 g/kg HLRE group,FIB and Albumen(Alb)values increased,the aminotransferase and blood lipid values tended to decrease. Conclusion The aqueous extract from Herba Lamiophlomis rotata has an effect on promoting hemostasis and blood coagulation ,and its mechanisms may be related to the increase of FIB and Alb contents and the shortening of TT value.
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AIM: To study the influence of ginkgolides on expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in rats. METHODS: Middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO) model was induced by ligating internal carotid artery of Sprague Dawley(SD) rats.In this model,the behavioral deficits performance of SD rats was analyzed after given ginkgolides and nimo dipin, respectively, and iNOS gene expression changes in MCAO group were investigated. RESULTS:The expression of iNOS was increased in MCAO models and inhibited in ginkgolides groups. CONCLUSION:Ginkgolides have inhibitive efficacy of iNOS on cerebral ischemia and can reduce brain damage.
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OBJECTIVE:To study the effect of the hematostatic effective components of Herba Lamiophlomis rotata on rat’s blood conglomeration parameters.The toxicity of these components was simultaneously studied.METHODS:Herba Lamiophlomis rotata water extract (HLRE)(3g?kg-1),Total Flavonoids(P1,0.36g?kg-1),Total Iridoid Glycosides(P2,0.99g ?kg-1),Maximus Polarity Components(P3,1.65g?kg-1)and normal sodium NS were given orally in rats for 14 days.Blood samples were collected from common carotid artery;prothrombin time (PT),activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT),thrombin time (TT)and fibrinogen (FIB)were tested.Different oral doses of(P2 ,1.4,0.7,0.35 g?kg-1)and Yunnan white powder (BY,0.9g?kg-1)were given to rats and conglomeration parameters were determined too.The maximum tolerable dose (MTD)and LD50 of mice were determined after different doses of P2 were given with oral administration and intraperitoneal injection.RESULTS:Compared to NS control group,each composition of Lamiophlomis rotata Kudo can shorten the TT by 18.59%、—3.12%、24.11%and 9.92%respectively,and increase the content of FIB by 25.32%、8.67%、28.29%and 5.36%respectively.There was obvious change in HLRE and P2(P
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AIM To observe the changes of blood glucose level, plasma insulin level and liver glycogen content and regulatory effects of rehmannia glutinosa oligosaccharides(ROS) on glucose metabolism in thymectomized rats. METHODS ①Plasma glucose level, liver glycogen content and plasma insulin level of thymectomized rats were determined three,four, eight and fifteen month after thymectomy operation; ②Effects of ROS (250 mg?kg -1 , po ,?60 d) on spleencyte proliferation,blood glucose level,liver glycogen content, plasma insulin level and plasma corticosterone level in thymectomized rats were investigated seven month after thymectomy. RESULTS From 8 months after thymectomy liver glycogen content and plasma insulin level increased in thymectomized rats, though no obvious changes in blood glucose level were found during the experiment; ②Changes of glucose metabolism in thymectomized rats were largely reversed and normalized with ROS: Increased liver glycogen content turned to be normal,increased plasma insulin level,decreased corticosterone level and decreased splenocyte proliferation in thymectomized rats became normal. CONCLUSION Some changes in glucose metabolism are induced by thymectomy in rats, which can be largely reversed by ROS.
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Taking Radix Phodiolae polysac-charides (RPPS) which was extrated from Radix Phodiolae native to Tibet, and using the immunosuppresive mice model, induced with Cy (cyclophosphamide), this paper investigated effects of RPPS on the WBC numbers and Hb content of perpheral blood, thymus weight and cell-mediated immunity of mice. It was found that RPPS had no obvious effects on WBCnumbers and thymus weight, and could decrease the content of Hb in normal mice while it increased the content of Hb in immunosuppresive mice. RPPS not only could enhance lymphocyte transformation and NK activity in normal mice but also could reverse the decrease of the above indexes in immunosuppresive mice. The results suggested that RPPS be a new biological response modifier.